UNIVERSEH: The European Space University

Sources:

https://wmap.gsfc.nasa.gov/universe/bb_cosmo_infl.html

https://www.space.com/42261-how-did-inflation-happen-anyway.html

Definition:

Rapid expansion of the universe at its early stages of development (at around 10^-36 seconds after the Big Bang).

The Inflation Theory was developed in 1980 by Alan Guth, Andrei Linde, Paul Steinhardt, and Andy Albrecht and attempted to account for phenomena that could not be explained by the Big Bang Theory (the Horizon Problem, the Flatness Problem and the Monopole Problem). Nowadays, the Inflation Theory is considered to be an extension of the Big Bang Theory.

Translation

• French:
• German:
  
• Polish: inflacja kosmologiczna
  
• Swedish:
  

Image:

Source:

Short Definition:

Light with wavelength from 800 nanometers to 1 millimiter.

Detailed Definition:

Electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths ranging from 800 nanometers to one millimeter. It is next to the red end of the visible spectrum, hereby the name. Also called IR, it is a kind of electromagnetic radiation that has qualities like both a wave and a particle, the photon, and propagates energy and momentum as well as exerting radiation pressure.

Etymology:

Infrared comes from Latin: infra, which means below.

Sample Sentence(s):

To keep an eye on workplace activities, they used infrared cameras.

Without disturbing the bats, an infrared camera records them.

Translations of Terms/Concepts into Partner Languages

French: infrarouge

German: Infrarot

Polish: podczerwień

Swedish: infraröd

Links to Videos/Articles:

https://science.nasa.gov/ems/07_infraredwaves

https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/infrared-vision

Image source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Plot_of_various_initial_mass_functions.svg/800px-Plot_of_various_initial_mass_functions.svg.png

Short Definition:

The initial mass function (IMF) describes the distribution of stellar masses as a large cluster of stars is newly formed and is based on an average from stars in our Milky Way.

This function is useful for understanding the formation of stellar systems and their evolution. In most cases, the initial mass function is shown with a logarithmic scale.

Derailed Definition:

The initial mass function shows few massive stars which are more massive than the sun, while sun-sized stars are more abundant and stars that are smaller than the sun are quite common (this trend does not continue linear the smaller they get):

The function can be described by using the following law:

IMF = constant x m^(-α)

where m = initial star mass and α = slope of the logarithmic plot.

Until this point in time, it is not certain if the IMF varies in extreme situations and if the calculation based on our Milky Way can be unconditionally applied to other galaxies.

Etymology:

initial - Latin initialis ("initial, incipent, of the beginning")

mass - old French masse (" lump, heap, pile; crowd, large amount")

function - Latin functionem (" a performance, an execution")

Sample sentences:

There are different curve forms of the initial mass function based on the way the alpha and the constant are calculated.

Translation:

French: fonction de masse initiale

German: Anfangsmassenfunktion

Polish: początkowa funkcja masy

Swedish: funktion för dem ursprungliga massan

Links to Videos/Articles:

Short Definition
International Asteroid Warning Network (IAWN) is a group linking organizations responsible for detecting, monitoring and characterization of possibly hazardous Near-Earth Objects (NEOs). They cooperate with Governments to establish plans in case of Meteorite impact.

Detailed Definition
There are multiple functions of IAWN, but mostly it is tasked with creating a strategy using protocols and communication plans to help Governments create a suitable response in case of NEO impact. Some of the other functions of IAWN are as followed:

- With help of optical and radar facilities to detect, characterize and follow possibly hazardous objects.
- To act as an international focal point for accurate information about NEOs and its population.
- To correlate campaigns that are focusing on monitoring potential Near-Earth Objects.
- To create suitable responses and policies regarding communication and information in case of impact. They are also responsible for creating a database of potential consequences once the impact occurs.

Etymology:
IAWN stands for International Asteroid Warning Network.

Sample Sentence(s):

IAWN includes members from all over the world that are creating a response in case of meteorite impact.

Translations of Terms/Concepts into Partner Languages:

French: International Asteroid Warning Network

German: International Asteroid Warning Network

Italian: International Asteroid Warning Network

Polish: Międzynarodowa Sieć Ostrzegania przed Asteroidami

Swedish: International Asteroid Warning Network

Links to Videos/Articles:

• Warner, E. (2021), International Asteroid Warning Network, Retrieved from https://iawn.net/

• United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs (2014), IAWN, Retrieved from https://www.unoosa.org/oosa/en/ourwork/topics/neos/iawn.html

• ESA (2011), Space Situational Awareness - Near Earth Objects, Retrieved from https://www.esa.int/ESA_Multimedia/Images/2011/10/Space_Situational_Awareness_-_Near_Earth_Objects

Definition:

A research facility that was launched in 1998, is orbiting around the Earth and is operated by multinational groups of astronauts sent regularly by five space agencies participating in the project – NASA (the USA), Roscosmos (Russia), ESA (Europe), JAXA (Japan) and CSA (Canada).

Translations:

• English: International Space Station, ISS    [ˌɪn.təˈnæʃ.(ə.)n(ə)l speɪs ˈsteɪʃǝn]
  
• French: Station spatiale internationale (f), SSI    [stasjɔ̃ spasjal ɛ̃tɛʁnasjɔnal]
  
• German: die Internationale Raumstation    [ɪntɐnat͡sjo:na:lə ʁaʊ̯mʃtat͡sjo:n]
  
• Russian: Международная космическая станция (f), МКС    [mʲɪʐdʊnɐˈrodnəjə kɐˈsmʲit͡ɕɪskəjə ˈstant͡sɨɪ̯ə]
  
• Polish: Międzynarodowa Stacja Kosmiczna
• Swedish:

Short Definition:

The James Webb Space Telescope is a large telescope in space that conducts infrared astronomy. The cutting edge telescope technology aims to shine light on stars or galaxies, that were previously hidden in “plain” sight. Many people think this is the successor to the Hubble telescope, but in reality, it is more of a successor for the Spitzer space telescope, which also is an infrared telescope. The property of light to shift to red makes this a helpful telescope to look at the oldest galaxies.

Detailed Definition:

Etymology:

Latin- spatiumà Old French -espaceà Middle English – space

Sample Sentence(s):

Webb will be the largest telescope ever placed in space; 100 times more powerful than Hubble. So big it has to fold origami-style to fit in the rocket and will unfold like a "Transformer" in space (NASA)

French:

télescope spatial james webb

German:

James Webb Weltraumteleskop

Polish:

Kosmiczny Teleskop Jamesa Webba

Swedish:

Links to Videos/Articles:

https://webb.nasa.gov/ 

https://webbtelescope.org/

U.S. Air Force. (2010, November). F100 F-15 engine. Retrieved from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/69/F100_F-15_engine.JPG Photograph of a jet engine in operation, with a long converging plume of hot gas streaming out from the nozzle

Short Definition:

A jet engine is a reaction engine that produces a jet of heated gas to be discharged from the engine as a reaction mass. The Propelling gas is usually air, especially when the engine is used in the atmosphere on flying vehicles, but can be other gas or liquid.

Detailed Definition:

A jet engine is a reaction engine that discharges a fast-moving (often supersonic) jet of hot gas (usually air, if the engine is used in the atmosphere) and to generate thrust. Jet engines are usually internal combustion engines and used everywhere: on planes, boats and rockets.

Etymology:

Jet – from French jet– throw, cast, gush, spurtEngine – from Middle English engyn or Anglo-Norman engine or Old French engin– skill, cleverness, war machine

Sample Sentences:

The jet engine roared as the airplane accelerated down the runway.

Translations

References:

SKYbrary Aviation Safety. (2019, December). Jet engine. Retrieved from https://www.skybrary.aero/articles/jet-engine

Airbus. (2016, November). Flight operations briefing notes – Supplementary techniques : Handling engine malfunctions. Retrieved from https://web.archive.org/web/20161022181226/http://www.airbus.com/fileadmin/media_gallery/files/safety_library_items/AirbusSafetyLib_-FLT_OPS-SUPP_TECH-SEQ07.pdf

Source: Stewart, P. (2018, June 8). Jupiter. flickr. https://www.flickr.com/photos/106648653@N05/42658035711

Definition

1. The largest planet in the Solar System (143000 km in diameter), the fifth planet from the Sun.
   
2. The third brightest natural celestial body visible in the Earth’s night sky.
   

Etymology:

The planet is named after Jupiter, the highest ancient Roman deity, the god of sky and thunder.

Translations:

• English: Jupiter    [ˈdʒuːpɪtər]
  
• French: Jupiter    [ʒypitɛʁ]
  
• German: Jupiter    [ˈjʊpitɐ]
• Polish: Jowisz
• Russian: Юпитер (masc.)    [jʉˈpʲitʲɪr]
  
• Swedish:
  

Source: http://lk.astronautilus.pl/astros/366.htm

Definition: 

Kalpana Chawla, born in Karnal, India, in 1962, is first astronaut with an Indian descent. In her early years, her father took her to local flying clubs, where she developed her passion for flying. She moved to the U.S. to pursue degrees in engineering (Ph.D. in aerospace engineering from the University of Colorado) and eventually after graduation, she did research, focusing on vertical take-off and landing concepts. Her area was the development and implementation of efficient techniques for performing aerodynamic optimization. In 1994, Chawla was chosen as an astronaut candidate and took part in 2 space flights. The second flight ended tragically in 16.01.2003, as Space Shuttle Columbia exploded while being on the way back to the Earth, after 15 days and 22 hours spent in space. The explosion while re-entrng into Earth's atmosphere killed all seven astronauts on board, including Kalpana Chawla. 

Links to Videos/Articles:

https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/chawla_kalpana.pdf

https://www.space.com/17056-kalpana-chawla-biography.html