Picture: Fornax Dwarf Galaxy Image/Video/Audio Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Fornax_dwarf_galaxy.jpg

Short Definition:

A dwarf galaxy is one that contains fewer stars than larger galaxies. A dwarf galaxy is a galaxy made up of material and dark matter ejected from larger galaxies by the force of gravity. Although a dwarf galaxy is defined by astronomers by the number of stars it contains, and hence its size, it is also defined as dwarf by its shape, content, and even appearance.

Detailed Definition:

Dwarf galaxies, formed from fragments of larger galaxies, are the most abundant type of galaxy in the universe. Dwarf galaxies are galaxies that break apart due to their relatively small size to their neighbors, causing stellar streams and galaxy mergers. However dynamic these relationships with neighboring galaxies may be, they are difficult to detect by astronomers due to their low light, mass and small size. The astronomical importance of these dwarf galaxies actually comes from their tendency to form from other large galaxies and merge again with larger galaxies. Their difference from the usual galaxy shape is that they have low metallicity and gas in abundance. This situation is used by astronomers as evidence to interpret the motion and evolution of galaxies. Dwarf galaxies are basically divided into three groups: Dwarf elliptical galaxies, dwarf spheroidal galaxies, and dwarf irregular galaxies.

Etymology:

From Old English ‘Dweorg’ + From Latin ‘Galaxias’

Sample Sentence(s):

‘’The most powerful space telescope currently operating has zoomed in on a lonely dwarf galaxy in our galactic neighborhood, imaging it in stunning detail.’’

(Lea, R. (2022, November 11). James Webb Space Telescope peers into lonely dwarf galaxy with sparkling results. Space.com. https://www.space.com/james-webb-space-telescope-wlm-dwarf-galaxy-image)

‘’This Living Collection starts with an introductory Comment and continues with a series of articles on the science of dwarf galaxies, their properties and their theoretical modelling and simulations.’’

(It’s time for some plane speaking. (2021, December 13). Nature. https://www.nature.com/collections/bgegjajcec error=cookies_not_supported&code=03e197b7-7ba4-4db9-a0c7-ee3cf2730af7)

Translations of Terms/Concepts into Partner Languages:

French:

Galaxie Naine

German:

Zwerggalaxie

Polish:

Galaktyka karłowata

Swedish:

Turkish:

Cüce Gökada

Links to Videos/Articles:

https://esahubble.org/wordbank/dwarf-galaxy/

https://astronomy.swin.edu.au/cosmos/D/dwarf+galaxy

https://www.sciencealert.com/webb-is-giving-us-a-stunning-new-look-into-this-lonely-dwarf-galaxy

https://esawebb.org/images/WLMb/

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hcDrvX6vy0k&ab_channel=EuropeanSouthernObservatory%28ESO%29

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gez1RSHQvDE&ab_channel=Engadget

Image/Video/Audio Source:

Short Definition:
An eclipse is an astronomical phenomenon caused by the specific location of the three celestial bodies placed in one line. Three types of the eclipse can be distinguished: a total eclipse, a partial or an annular eclipse.

Detailed Definition:
An eclipse is an event that corresponds to the particular position of the celestial bodies. The phrase eclipse is most frequently used to refer to either a solar eclipse, which occurs when the Moon's shadow passes across the surface of the Earth, or a lunar eclipse, which occurs when the Moon enters the Earth's shadow.  It can infer from the name what becomes darker when an eclipse occurs. The Sun becomes dimmer during a solar eclipse. A lunar eclipse causes the Moon to dim. An eclipse view may differ depending on the area in which it is seen. A total eclipse is extremely rare. Only a few minutes of a solar eclipse are typically visible in the same location on Earth every 375 years on average. About twice a year, a partial eclipse can be seen anywhere in the world.

Sample Sentence(s):
The next total eclipse will be visible on the 8^th of April 2024 in Mexico. The next annular eclipse will be visible on the 14^th of October 2023.

Une éclipse

German:
die Finsternis

En eklips

Spanish:
El eclipse

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eclipse
https://www.britannica.com/science/eclipse
https://spaceplace.nasa.gov/eclipses/en/
https://spaceplace.nasa.gov/eclipse-snap/en/
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_solar_eclipses_in_the_21st_century

Definition

A ring-shaped distortion of light from a galaxy caused by gravitational lensing, while this galaxy passes behind another massive object.

It is sometimes also referred to as the Chwolson ring, named after a Soviet scientist Orest Chwolson, who mentioned this phenomenon in his article (in English, his surname is usually transcribed as Khvolson, however, German transliteration Chwolson is used instead, since his article was first published in a German academic journal).

Etymology

The phenomenon is named after Albert Einstein, who predicted it in his theory of general relativity.

Translation:

• French: anneau d'Einstein
  
• German: Einsteinring [ˈaɪ̯nʃtaɪ̯nˈʁɪŋ]
  
• Polish: pierścień Einsteina
• Russian: кольцо Эйнштейна [kɐlʲˈt͡so ɛnˈʂtɛɪ̯nə]
  
• Swedish: Einsteinring

Links to Videos/Articles:

Gallery of Einstein rings: https://hubblesite.org/contents/media/images/2005/32/1788-Image.html

Source: By James St. John - Brachinite (NWA 3151 Meteorite) 3, CC BY 2.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=34763072

Short Definition:

A process that a planetary body goes through during its formation to acquire its physio-chemical composition. Elementary differentiation can be witnessed on planets, and natural satellites such as the moon.

Detailed Definition:

Etymology:

1. Elementary (Adjective), originating from Latin elementarius, which means “belonging to the constituents of all things”.

2. Differentiation (Verb), originating from Medieval Latin, differentiatus, which means “to distinguish”.

Sample Sentence(s):

“These high precision measurements (δ⁵⁶Fe ≈ ± 0.04‰, 2 S.D.) place tight constraints on Fe isotope fractionation during planetary differentiation.”

Translations:

• French: Différenciation élémentaire
  
• German: Elementare Differenzierung
  
• Polish: Dyferencjacja planetarna
  
• Swedish: Elementär differentiering
  

Links to Videos/Articles:

[Gardner-Vandy et Al. (2012)] The Tafassasset primitive achondrite: Insights into initial stages of planetary differentiation

Differentiation Planetary, Frank Sohl and Doris Breuer, Encyclopedia of Astrobiology.

Source:

Short definition: 

An ephemeris is a table or data file that gives the positions of celestial objects at specific times.

Detailed Definition:

An ephemeris is a detailed table or data file that provides the positions of celestial objects in the sky at specific times. Ephemerides are used in astronomy to predict the future positions of these objects and to understand their orbits and movements. They can be calculated for any point in time and are usually given for a series of times at regular intervals, such as every day or every hour. Initially ephemerides were written, then printed, nowadays, they are digital. Ephemerides of the Solar System play a crucial role in navigating spacecraft.

Etymology:

ephemeris (Latin) - diary; ephemeris (Greek) - diary, journal

Sample Sentence(s):

"I consulted an ephemeris to find out when the next solar eclipse would occur."

"The astronomer used an ephemeris to predict when the comet would be visible in the sky."

"Ephemerides are widely used in astrology."

Translations:

French:

Éphéméride

German:

Ephemeriden

Polish:

Efemeryda

Swedish:

Efemerid

Links to videos/articles:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ephemeris

https://www.astro.com/swisseph/swepha_e.htm

https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/horizons/

Source: https://pro2-bar-s3-cdn-cf3.myportfolio.com/cf59f354b34391ef9ddbec41a1409bef/ece2a825-e54c-4ea4-a57c-bc1f3e901591_rw_1920.jpg?h=e8d9d5ab3208bd43c08d7702b9ec2c74

Short Definition:

The equation of time is a result of the difference between the daytime on Earth and the position of the sun.

Detailed Definition:

The equation of time exists because the orbit of the Earth around the sun is elliptical (where the orbit is not centered around the sun) and not circular which results in a difference in speed around the elliptical orbit as a difference in the length of the Earth days.

The equation is the following:

EOT =GHA- GMHA where EOT is the equation of time, GHA is the Greenwich Hour Angle of the apparent sun and GMHA is the Universal Time-Off.

As a result, the 21./22. December is the shortest day of a year, the real local time (WOZ) results in uneven long hours and the middle time (MOZ) results in a sun orbit, which is unsymmetrical to the time.

Etymology:

Equation - latin aequationem (" an equal distribution, a sharing in common")

Time -  Proto-Germanic Timon-/timi ("Time, proper time")

Sample Sentence(s):

" The equation of time is the reason a Analemma( a diagramm which shows the position of the sun from one point at a specific time over a year) can be seen"

Translation:

French:

équation du temps

German:

Zeitgleichung

Image source: https://www.esa.int/var/esa/storage/images/esa_multimedia/images/2019/09/euclid_spacecraft/19709645-1-eng-GB/Euclid_spacecraft.jpg

Short Definition:

The euclid mission is project, being prepared by ESA to investigate dark matter as well as dark energy. At this moment, it is planned to launch the mission in the year 2023 (no specific date is set yet).

The planned time the mission will take is set for six years and can be extended, but is limited by the amount of cold gas propulsion.

Detailed definition:

ESA has started the euclid mission is a project to try to investigate dark matter as well as dark energy. The spacecraft consists of a camera in the visible wavelength and a camera /spectrometer which works in the near-infrared area.

It will launch from the Europe'sSpaceport in Kourou, which is located in French Guiana, and will move in an orbit which is halo shaped around the Sun-Earth Lagrange point.

Another aspect which will be inspected by the mission is the reason why the expansion of the universe in accelerating and how the evolution of the universe took place, to gain more information about fundamental physics and cosmology.

Etymology:

Euclid - Greek euclid ("renowned, glorious")

mission -Latin missionem ("act of sending a dispatching; a release, a setting at liberty")

Sample Sentence:

The Euclid mission is expected to bring new knowledge about the history of the universe and dark matter.

Translations:

French: Mission Euclide

German:Euklid-Mission

Polish: Misja Euclid

Swedish: UppdragEuclid

Links to Articles:

https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/missions/euclid

https://sci.esa.int/web/euclid

https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/euclid/main/index.html

Source: https://about.gitlab.com/customers/european-space-agency/

Definition:

European Space Agency is an intergovernmental organisation, whose mission is to develop space capabilities through exploration for the benefit of citizens of Europe and the whole world.

European Space Agency was established in 1975 and  is dedicated to the peaceful exploration of space. It comprises of 22 Member States, who work together to find out more about the Earth and space, but it also cooperates closely with other organisations outside of Europe, for example with NASA. The aim is to develop research, coordinate space programmes and to promote mutual agreements between the members. It is funded by membership donations calculated based on each country’s gross national product.

Sample Sentence(s):

"The European Space Agency is using a launching facility situated in French Guiana in Latin America."

"The Eurobot Ground Prototype is a mobile reconnaissance robot from the European Space Agency (ESA)."

Translations:

• French: Agence spatiale européenne
• German: Europäische Weltraumorganisation
• Polish: Europejska Agencja Kosmiczna
• Swedish: Europeiska rymdorganisationen 

Links to Videos/Articles:

https://www.esa.int/

Source(s):

Short Definition:

The event horizon of a black hole is a threshold around the black hole where the escape velocity surpasses the speed of light. It is also referred to as a boundary beyond which events cannot affect an observer.

Detailed Definition:

The term event horizon is used to describe the phenomena of a very strong gravitational pull in the vicinity of a massive and compact object, which is able to prevent even light from escaping. The escape velocity is a threshold value for which the event horizon occurs. It is the velocity needed for an object to overcome the forces acting due to the presence of an enormous mass. If it is greater than the speed of light, it is impossible to witness any event taking place past the event horizon.

Etymology:

The term was first used by Wolfgang Rindler in the 1950s.

Sample Sentence(s):

"The event horizon is the ultimate prison wall - one can get in but never get out."

                                             - Avi Loeb, chair of astronomy at Harvard University.

Translations of Terms/Concepts into Partner Languages

French: Horizon des événements

German: der Ereignishorizont

Polish: Horyzont zdarzeń

Swedish: Händelsehorisont

Links to Videos/Articles:

https://www.space.com/black-holes-event-horizon-explained.html

https://astronomy.com/news/2019/04/the-event-horizon-telescope-may-soon-release-first-ever-black-hole-image